A Whole New Ballgame

A week ago, there was a fair chance that the Biden campaign was entering its final week. Four days ago, a strong Biden showing in South Carolina hinted that the dynamics of the race were undergoing a sea change. Today, with a leaner, meaner Democratic field, and with the Super Tuesday states' votes (mostly) in the books, it's clear that the sea change was real. Here are last night's numbers, as of 1:00 a.m. PT (a blue background indicates that the candidate is projected to "win" that state once all the ballots are counted):

State	Reporting	Biden Pct.	Biden Del.	Sanders Pct.	Sanders Del.	Warren Pct.	Warren Del.	Bloomberg Pct.	Bloomberg Del.	Gabbard Pct.	Gabbard Del.
Alabama	82%	63.2%	25	16.6%	0	5.7%	0	11.7%	0	0.2%	0
North Carolina	87%	42.9%	37	24.1%	15	10.5%	0	13.0%	0	0.5%	0
Tennessee	86%	41.8%	22	24.9%	11	10.4%	0	15.5%	0	0.4%	0
Virginia	99%	53.5%	48	23.1%	19	10.8%	1	9.7%	0	0.9%	0
Minnesota	83%	38.6%	21	29.9%	13	15.4%	0	8.3%	0	0.3%	0
Oklahoma	87%	38.7%	4	25.4%	1	13.4%	0	13.9%	0	1.7%	0
Massachusetts	94%	33.1%	30	26.5%	22	21.4%	11	11.6%	0	0.7%	0
Arkansas	84%	40.5%	12	22.4%	6	10.0%	0	16.7%	1	0.7%	0
Vermont	99%	22.0%	3	50.7%	8	12.6%	0	9.4%	0	0.8%	0
Maine	91%	33.9%	0	32.6%	0	16.4%	0	11.9%	0	0.9%	0
Texas	92%	33.3%	42	29.8%	32	11.4%	0	15.1%	0	0.4%	0
Colorado	89%	23.2%	0	36.1%	8	17.2%	0	21.0%	0	1.1%	0
Utah	88%	17.1%	0	34.6%	3	15.4%	0	16.9%	0	0.8%	0
California	43%	22.2%	27	31.6%	48	12.2%	0	16.0%	0	0.7%	0
Am. Samoa	100%	8.8%	0	10.5%	0	1.4%	0	49.9%	4	29.3%	1
Total			271		186		12		5		1

The delegate totals reflect only those that the AP has already called. If you add them up, it means that the disposition of 475 of the 1,357 delegates up for grabs on Super Tuesday is actually known. That's only a little more than a third, so there are still plenty of delegates to be awarded.

That said, we have more than enough data to reach some solid conclusions. We're going to focus exclusively on the Democratic presidential race, in part because there is so much to be said, and in part because a lot of the interesting downballot races are still being sorted out. We'll address other races later this week. We will also update our map and our delegate totals once everything is official (including a slight adjustment to the total needed to claim the nomination, which now stands at 1,991).

And with that explained, here are some observations about what happened on Super Tuesday:

• Joe Biden wins: It's hard to see how Tuesday night could have gone much better for the former veep. Every state he was expected to win, he won. Every state that was up in the air heading into Super Tuesday, he won. Two major states he was expected to lose—Massachusetts and Texas—he won. When all is said and done, Biden is likely to come out ahead in 10 of the 14 Super Tuesday states. Further, he won the demographic groups he really needs to win: moderates, senior citizens, and black voters. Why are those groups so darn important? Because they show up to vote.
  
  
• Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) disappoints: The power of narrative is real, kids. When all is said and done, Sen. Sanders and Biden are going to end up with roughly the same number of delegates from Super Tuesday, thanks to California breaking for the Vermont senator. But just one week ago, Sanders was expected to cruise to a big victory, and Biden was supposed to hope for a respectable second-place performance. With Biden winning a clear majority of states, and likely winning a slight plurality of delegates, he's on the upswing. With Sanders winning only four states, and winning slightly fewer delegates, his momentum is headed in the wrong direction.
  
  This is not to say that Sanders' campaign is dead in the water; his win in California is a feather in his cap, as is his win in Colorado. However, if he's going to claim the Democratic nomination, he's got to do one of two things. The first is to get the young voters who love the Senator to get out and vote. The problem here is that it's not happening; the number of voters under 30 who have showed up to vote in this year's primaries is not up compared to 2016 or 2012. In fact, in Texas—which was something of a must-have primary for Sanders—the under-30 turnout was actually down by 20% compared to 2016.
  
  If Sanders is not going to get new voters to the polls, then his alternative is to convince existing voters to support him. That is to say, to make gains among moderates, independents, and NeverTrump Republicans. Thus far, however, the Senator is not doing much to bring other demographics into the tent. We've written, for example, about his decision to identify as an independent, rather than as a Democrat. The good news about this is that it affirms his outsider status to his base. The bad news is that it affirms his outsider status to mainstream Democrats. Similarly, Sanders often belittles those Democrats who are not as far left as his base, slurring them as "corporate Democrats" or "the establishment" or "neoliberals." Those sorts of statements, in fact, composed the bulk of the Senator's speech to supporters on Tuesday night. That's not a good way to win over new supporters, and his negative tone was so obvious that even outspoken Sanders supporter (and CNN pundit) Van Jones commented on it, noting that such remarks are "not going to grow your movement."
  
  
• Whither Mike Bloomberg?: Former NYC mayor Mike Bloomberg executed his strategy about as aggressively as possible, with the price tag (so far) coming in at a reported $500 million. And what does he have to show for it? Roughly 12% of the vote and, thus far, a small handful of delegates (and if you're wondering about that weird American Samoa result, it's because a grand total of 351 people voted in the entire caucus—Bloomberg's "win" came on the strength of 175 whole votes).
  
  Anyhow, what can Bloomberg possibly do to improve on those results? Spend even more money, and buy every commercial slot on TV between now and July? Take classes in how to debate? If his goal, as a former Republican, is to find a moderate candidate with the best chance to beat Donald Trump, it's pretty clear that Joe Biden is now that candidate. If Bloomberg's goal is, in fact, to get himself elected, it should be clear that's not happening. Either way, it argues for him getting out of the race, and either throwing his money and support to Biden, or—if he doesn't much care for the former Veep—throwing his money and support behind things likely to help any Democratic nominee, like voter registration efforts.
  
  
• It's time to go, Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA): The Senator came in third...in her own home state. And outside of Massachusetts, she has thus far claimed exactly as many Super Tuesday delegates as Rep. Tulsi Gabbard (D-HI). Warren wants to be available as a compromise candidate in the event of a brokered convention, but a brokered convention is looking unlikely, and, in any event, her case for that honor is only strengthened if she has multiple hundreds of delegates, not multiple dozens.
  
  If Warren would like concessions, she likely has more leverage right now than at any other time. Either Sanders or Biden would benefit from her endorsement, and so she could extract some pretty juicy promises from either, should she choose to go that path. And yes, we know she's a progressive, and thus would seem likely to gravitate toward the Vermont Senator if she cannot be the nominee herself. However, she's also a pragmatist, and worked closely with the Obama administration (and thus Joe Biden). So, it would not be a complete surprise to see her join Team Biden.
  
  
• It's beyond time to go, Tulsi Gabbard: Perhaps the Congresswoman was staying in the race until Hawai'i, since claiming a single delegate would keep her name in the public eye for months (inasmuch as every site/outlet, including us, prints and reprints the delegate totals throughout primary season). Well, she's got her delegate now, and if that was the game, she doesn't need to hold on for Hawai'i anymore.
  
  
• The Canary in Bernie Sanders' Coal Mine, Number 1: Massachusetts. Most of the attention is on Texas, since it's such a big state, and Joe Biden's win was so unexpected. Fair enough, but we would suggest there are three other states whose results are nearly as meaningful. The first of those is Massachusetts. The Bay State is pretty blue. It is home to Elizabeth Warren, while Bernie Sanders is a neighbor. Joe Biden did not campaign there and did not spend any money there. And yet, he won the state handily. This gives him a strong case that he can keep New England in the Democratic fold, including the two states (Maine and New Hampshire) whose EVs are potentially in doubt.
  
  
• The Canary in Bernie Sanders' Coal Mine, Number 2: Minnesota. Just 48 hours ago, Sen. Amy Klobuchar (DFL-MN) was still in the race, and Biden was looking like an also-ran in Minnesota. Then, Klobuchar dropped out, endorsed Biden, and he leveled his competition. This despite the fact that Team Sanders felt good about their chances of winning the Gopher State, so much so that the Vermont Senator spent Monday evening holding a rally there. The states of the upper Midwest (MN, MI, WI) are must-haves for the Democrats this year. If Biden can so easily sweep Sanders aside in the bluest of the trio, he's surely a force to be reckoned with in all three, now that the moderate competition has been cleared out.
  
  
• The Canary in Bernie Sanders' Coal Mine, Number 3: North Carolina and Virginia. The states of the coastal South are also pretty critical to the Democrats this year, particularly as an insurance policy in case the Upper Midwest goes sour. Powered by his strong support among black voters, Biden trounced all of his competitors in the Southern states that voted on Tuesday. It is easy to dismiss the importance of an Alabama or an Oklahoma, since those states are going to vote for Trump in the general election. However, can anyone doubt now that if any Democrat is going to hold Virginia and flip North Carolina (and maybe even Georgia), it's Joe Biden?
  
  
• Swing states: While we're at it, let's take a look at the dozen swing states that will decide the election, and how Biden and Sanders compare in them. First the states that have cast their primary ballots:
  
  

  State	Result	EVs
  Iowa	Sanders +10.3%	6
  Maine	Biden +1.2%	4
  Minnesota	Biden +8.7%	10
  New Hampshire	Sanders +17.3%	4
  North Carolina	Biden +18.8%	15
  Texas	Biden +3.5%	38

  
  And now, the states for which we only have polls (based on average of all polls taken):
  
  

  Arizona	Biden +9.3%	11
  Florida	Biden +23.5%	29
  Georgia	Biden +18.5%	16
  Michigan	Biden +6.8%	16
  Pennsylvania	Biden +1.0%	20
  Wisconsin	Sanders +15.5%	10

  
  You should be somewhat leery of this polling information, since some of the polls are pretty old, and all of them were conducted while the Democratic field had many more people. Still, it's pretty clear that Biden is overall stronger in the key swing states, especially the bigger ones, than Sanders is.
  
  
• Biden Clearly Has a Great Pollster: Before New Hampshire and Nevada, Joe Biden correctly warned supporters that he was not going to do too well, giving an even more grim prediction than what public polling said. Before Super Tuesday, Biden predicted he would overperform his polling in North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. That's 5-for-5. Whoever is doing Biden's internal polls (very likely someone he inherited from Barack Obama) obviously knows what they're doing.
  
  
• Bye, Bye Iowa Caucus: Are we still talking about this? Yes, we are. The winner of this year's Iowa caucus is no longer in the race for President. The third-place finisher is on life support, and may be gone by the end of the day today. The newly reborn Democratic frontrunner, meanwhile, finished in fourth place. The argument just got that much stronger that a small state whose population bears little resemblance to the Democratic base should not be the first to vote.
  
  Meanwhile, Minnesota, Colorado and Maine all switched from caucuses to primaries this year. In all three, Sanders did worse in 2020 than he did in 2016. That could suggest that caucuses tend to favor more extreme candidates. Or, it could indicate that caucuses can be gamed by candidates who happen to have a lot of money and volunteers. Either way, the DNC is going to see this as yet another strike against caucuses (which are already an endangered species).
  
  
• Mail-in ballots: To an extent, the results on Tuesday were skewed by the fact that many people voted by mail before Tom Steyer, Amy Klobuchar, and Pete Buttigieg withdrew from the race. This likely worked to Sanders' benefit, since it presumably used up votes that would have broken pretty heavily for Biden. And, for what it's worth, the two states with the highest percentage of early ballots cast were California and Colorado, arguably Sanders' two strongest states on Tuesday (outside of his home state of Vermont).
  
  
• Latino/Black Votes: The Sanders/Latino voters and Biden/black voters split is real, although the effect is more pronounced in Biden's direction. That is to say, the Vermont Senator is winning the Latino vote by 30-35 points, on average, while the former Veep is winning the black vote by 45-50 points, on average. Looking again at the list of swing states, here's how they break down, in terms of those two ethnic groups:
  
  

  State	Black Pct.	Latino Pct.	EVs
  Arizona	4.1%	31.4%	11
  Florida	15.9%	25.6%	29
  Georgia	31.4%	9.6%	16
  Iowa	2.7%	5.9%	6
  Maine	1.0%	1.6%	4
  Michigan	14.2%	5.1%	16
  Minnesota	4.6%	5.3%	10
  New Hampshire	1.2%	3.8%	4
  North Carolina	21.6%	9.5%	15
  Pennsylvania	10.8%	7.3%	20
  Texas	11.9%	39.4%	38
  Wisconsin	6%	6.9%	10

  
  From this admittedly crude analysis, we would say there are five states (IA, ME, MN, NH, WI) where this divide does not appear to matter very much. There are three states (AZ, FL, TX) with 78 EVs where the balance would appear to work in Sanders' favor. And there are four states (GA, MI, NC, PA) with 77 EVs where the balance would appear to work in Biden's favor. In short, it would appear that these two candidates' relative strength with two key ethnic Democratic constituencies is something of a push when it comes to the all-important swing states.
  
  
• A mess in Texas: Texas shut down a bunch of polling places, almost exclusively in minority neighborhoods. There was also widespread use of new and unfamiliar equipment. And, it appears turnout was up substantially over 2016 among Democrats. Add it up, and it made for something of a mess in the Lone Star State, with some people waiting as long as five hours to vote, and polling places open many hours beyond the supposed 8:00 closing time. The Texas Democratic Party is furious, and there is talk of lawsuits.
  
  
• A mess in California: Even states that try their best to get every vote counted sometimes have disasters. California did just as badly as Texas did on Tuesday night, with lines of 2-3 hours to vote in many parts of the state. Los Angeles county was particularly bad; the county was trying a new system wherein voters were allowed to vote at any precinct in the county, and did so using brand-new equipment that involved encoding selections on a touch screen, having them printed on a piece of paper, reviewing the piece of paper, and then shoving it right back in the same hole it just came out of in order to have it counted (more on this below). (Z) had direct experience with this; he waited over 2 hours to vote, and got to watch for at least a half an hour as polling place workers struggled to make sense of the system. All of that trouble, only to get to the front of the line and discover that Abraham Lincoln wasn't even on the ballot. In fact, they didn't even have Whig Party ballots. Must have run out of them.
  
  
• Enthusiasm: Although the situations in Texas and California were aggravating to voters, they appear to have been triggered, in large part, by very high levels of Democratic turnout. It would seem that there is much enthusiasm on the left side of the aisle, and that once members of the blue team were persuaded that there were important decisions to be made, they showed up in droves. That bodes well for the party in November. Also, when final tallies for those two states are reported, one should keep in mind that large numbers of voters showed up, figured out how long it was going to take, and gave up. (Z) saw at least 50 people abandon the line as he waited. So, whatever the official turnout is, the real turnout was actually much higher.
  
  
• What's Next?: As we note above, the narrative currently favors Joe Biden over Bernie Sanders. Does Sanders have a good chance to turn it around in the next couple of weeks? Well, let's make our best guess, based on the best data available, namely the 2016 Democratic primary results (where, you may recall, Sanders was on the ballot):
  
  

  State	Date	Clinton 2016 Pct.	Sanders 2016 Pct.
  Idaho	March 10	21.2%	78.0%
  Michigan	March 10	48.3%	49.7%
  Mississippi	March 10	82.5%	16.6%
  Missouri	March 10	49.6%	49.4%
  North Dakota	March 10	25.6%	64.2%
  Washington	March 10	27.1%	72.7%
  Northern Mariana	March 14	54.0%	34.4%
  Arizona	March 17	56.2%	41.3%
  Florida	March 17	64.4%	33.3%
  Illinois	March 17	50.6%	48.6%
  Ohio	March 17	56.1%	43.1%

  
  If we start with the assumption that Clinton and Biden are roughly equivalent in the minds of Democratic voters, then Sanders should have a pretty good day next Tuesday. Washington, which has much in common with Colorado, is Bernie territory, and should give him a big win. He also does well in sparsely populated mountain states, primarily because the small Democratic rump in those places is pretty liberal (and generally very young). That said, Michigan is the most important state that will vote next Tuesday, and if Biden wins big there, that will be the talk of the town.
  
  Thereafter, things definitely look good for Biden. Even with his support among Latinos, Sanders would have to significantly outperform his 2016 numbers to win Arizona and/or the delegate-rich Florida. More likely, however, is that Biden sweeps the four states that vote on March 17.

In any event, that's what we've got for now. Much more tomorrow, as more and better data becomes available. (Z)

In New National Poll, Biden Leads

We have pointed this out maybe 100 times, but in politics, a week is a long time. A few days after the Nevada caucuses, just about everyone was writing off Joe Biden as yesterday's candidate. Now, a new Morning Consult poll puts Biden on top (again, where he was when the campaign started). Here are the numbers:

Candidate	Pct.
Joe Biden	35%
Bernie Sanders	28%
Michael Bloomberg	19%
Elizabeth Warren	14%
Other	3%

The poll was taken Monday afternoon and also Tuesday morning, so after the drop-outs/endorsements by Sen. Amy Klobuchar (DFL-MN) and Pete Buttigieg but before any of yesterday's election results were known. (V)

Fed Slashes Interest Rates, Markets Tank

Donald Trump got a big "win" yesterday. He has long called on Fed Chairman Jerome Powell to slash interest rates (presumably because the real-estate business lives on borrowed money), and yesterday the Fed did it and cut interest rates by 0.5%, a huge cut and the first emergency cut like this since late 2008. This was in response to the COVID-19 virus. Of course, lowering interest rates won't stop the spread of the virus itself, but it could allow companies affected by it to borrow money more cheaply so as to keep from going under until the virus subsides. While there is little doubt that Powell made the cut to help the economy, a side effect of it could give Trump's reelection campaign a major boost.

Except maybe not. The stock market wasn't impressed and the Dow was off almost 800 points yesterday. It is not back to its low of last week, but moves up and down of 800 to 1000 points on alternate days aren't making investors feel happy. They don't know—and no one knows—how bad COVID-19 will be. In public health terms, nobody knows how many people will die or be sickened, of course. Whatever the total is, however, it's probably not going to have an obvious political/economic impact. In fact, somewhere between 18,000 and 46,000 people have already died this season from the regular garden-variety flu, and that clearly hasn't had a palpable effect.

What will have a clear political and financial impact is the economic disruption the COVID-19 virus might cause, in particular due to factories in China being shut down, thus disrupting critical supply chains all over the world. If a U.S. company sells a product made in China and the product is not being manufactured because the workers are quarantined, the U.S. company will show lower revenues and profits, and investors are worried that this could happen on a large scale and pull the economy down. (V)

Some Election Websites Are Running Unprotected, Obsolete Software

A study by ProPublica, a nonprofit group that does investigative journalism, has discovered that more than 50 election-related websites for counties that voted yesterday are running operating systems like Windows Server 2003 (used in Virginia and Massachusetts), which are no longer supported and haven't been for 5 years. This means that security holes in them are no longer fixed. Windows Server 2003 is an egregious example, but even Windows 7 is no longer supported and no one should be using it, certainly not any government organization.

While these websites did not directly relate to vote counting, they could have been hacked to provide voters with incorrect information about where and when to vote, possibly causing some voters to show up at the wrong place or time and thus not being able to vote. Fake results posted there could have been published in the media, giving people the wrong idea about who won. When they were later corrected, many people wouldn't know which version was right and simply conclude that all elections were rigged. Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) foresaw this problem and tweeted this a month ago:

Think #IowaCaucus meltdown is bad?

Imagine very close Presidential election

Russian or Chinese hackers tamper with preliminary reporting system in key counties

When the official results begin to be tabulated it shows a different winner than the preliminary results online

— Marco Rubio (@marcorubio) February 4, 2020

Clearly, Rubio understands that what the Russians want is not only to elect their preferred presidential candidate (Donald Trump), but to cause Americans to lose faith in the concept of democracy itself. And when election administrators run unsupported software on any election-related computer, they are unwittingly playing the role of useful idiots. (V)

Los Angeles County Used an Insecure Voting System

The websites examined by ProPublica aren't the only election-related security problem. A report by Politico points out security problems in the voting system used by Los Angeles, the nation's most populous county. The flaws allow someone with physical access to the system to potentially change votes or otherwise disrupt the election.

The problems start with the company that built the system, the U.K.-based Smartmatic. It was founded by three engineers that may have ties to the Venezuelan government. Their system was used in the Philippines, where government officials charged three of its employees with illegally altering code during the 2016 national election.

When asked about this, the California Secretary of State's office offered a long-winded explanation that boils down to: "We think everything should be OK." Security experts are not convinced. Susan Greenhalgh, a vice president at the National Election Defense Coalition, said about the system: "Some of the security flaws found in VSAP are staggering and should be disqualifying." Prof. Philip Stark of UC Berkeley, an election security expert said: "The failure to release the source code belies the county's assurances about the system's transparency and trustworthiness."

Having the vendor release the source code isn't that hard. One of us (V) was once a consultant to the elections board in the Netherlands and helped write the tender for the vote-counting software (actual voting is by paper ballot, but the precinct-level votes are tallied by a computer). The tender explicitly stated that the contract would specify that the government had the right to post the source code to a public website and that companies finding this unacceptable should not bid. Computers and elections don't mix well (like drinking and driving), but if they have to meet, security should be #1 on everyone's agenda. (V)

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